Pregnant women should not consume more than 200 mg of caffeine per day – approximately 2 cups. Higher amounts are associated with an increased risk of low birth weight. https://www.nextg.tv/news/vorsichtige-wissenschaftler-kaffee-verlaengert-das-leben-neue-studie-ueberrascht-sogar-93897507.html Benefits primarily relate to black coffee https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/15/2558 A growing body of evidence from large-scale epidemiological studies consistently shows that moderate coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, as well as major chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, cognitive decline and respiratory illnesses. These benefits often persist across diverse populations. The protective effects of coffee are likely mediated through improved glucose balance, enhanced physical activity, increased fat oxidation, anti-inflammatory properties and enhanced metabolic and pulmonary functions. While concerns persist regarding pregnancy outcomes, anxiety and sleep disturbances, particularly at high consumption levels, most data support the safety and benefits of moderate coffee intake (three to five cups per day) for the general population. Coffee also improves other aspects of well-being, such as mental alertness, physical performance and hydration, thereby enhancing its role in daily functioning. Although most evidence comes from observational studies, the consistency of findings across settings adds to their credibility. Future research, especially randomised controlled trials and genetic studies, will help to clarify unanswered questions and identify subgroups that may benefit most or require caution. In summary, when consumed in moderation and tailored to individual tolerance, coffee appears to be a health-promoting beverage.